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Criteria for distinguishing between bone assemblages accumulated by hominids versus those accumulated by hyenas are discussed. These criteria are based on observations from southern African sites, particularly the Upper Pleistocene brown hyena accumulations from Swartklip and Equus Cave. When contextual evidence is lacking or ambiguous, these criteria can be used to determine if a bone accumulation is primarily the result of hyena or hominid activities. The criteria are as follows: 1) the tendency for carnivore remains to be relatively common in carnivore accumulations; 2) the presence of distinctive hyena damage on bone surfaces (depending on bone surface preservation, such damage may not always be common in hyena assemblages); 3) the tendency for bones from hyena accumulations to have relatively complete shafts but lack epiphyses (i.e., being bone "cylinders") while those from hominid accumulations have broken shafts and intact epiphyses; 4) the tendency for the cranial-postcranial ratio to decrease with ungulate size in hyena accumulations; 5) the tendency for small, hard, bones to be uncommon in hyena accumulations, regardless of state of preservation; and 6) the tendency for age profiles to be attritional in hyena accumulations.
The Journal of Field Archaeology is a scholarly quarterly that publishes articles presenting the results of archaeological research worldwide, with no restriction regarding time period or cultural region. Articles range in topic from Palaeolithic campsites to a 19th-century sawmill, from food remains of prehistoric Mississippi to experiments in the technology of Classical Greece, from the use of satellite imagery in China to the sacred landscape of Oceania. The articles present original research on the analysis and interpretation of topography, architecture, features, artifacts, and more. The focus is on the results of research in the laboratory, the survey region, or excavation. The persuasions of archaeology represented include anthropological, biblical, classical, medieval, historical, and prehistoric. Other topics of major concern include ethics, the destruction of archaeological context, the illicit antiquities market, and the history of archaeology from the Renaissance to the present.
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